TGF-β1 induces bone closure of skull defects: Temporal dynamics of bone formation in defects exposed to rhTGF-β1

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Abstract
The temporal dynamics of bone repair in a skull defect in rabbits was examined to characterize the in vivo cellular events occurring following a single local application of recombinant human TGF‐β1 (rhTGF‐β1). Rabbits received vehicle or 0.4, 1, 2, or 5 μg rhTGF‐β1 applied to 12 mm defects at the time of surgery. The defect sites were subsequently evaluated by radiography and qualitative and quantitative histology at time points ranging from 1 to 180 days. Based on radiographic assessment, the defect area decreased rapidly in a dose‐dependent manner through 35 days after surgery in the rhTGF‐β1‐treated groups. Minimal closure occurred in sites administered vehicle control at all time points examined. Sites treated with rhTGF‐β1 were characterized histologically by an increase in parameters of active bone formation through 49 days, including percentage osteoid surface, percentage osteoblast/total surface, and an increase in the trabecular bone volume. Bone resorption parameters were increased at 16 and 49 days with histologic evidence of remodeling from woven to lamellar bone. By 70 days, no differences were observed among the groups for parameters of either bone formation or resorption. Bone formation rate was not altered with rhTGF‐β1 treatment at any time point. These results indicate that exogenously applied rhTGF‐β1 stimulated the recruitment and proliferation of osteoblasts at the defect site, resulting in a rapid deposition of bony matrix, with normal remodeling processes occurring thereafter. This study supports the hypothesis that TGF‐β1 is a potent osteoinductive growth factor in vivo and may have potential application as a therapeutic aid to nonhealing bony defects.