A single-photon detector in the far-infrared range

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Abstract
The far-infrared region (wavelengths in the range 10 µm–1 mm) is one of the richest areas of spectroscopic research1, encompassing the rotational spectra of molecules and vibrational spectra of solids, liquids and gases. But studies in this spectral region are hampered by the absence of sensitive detectors2,3,4,5—despite recent efforts to improve superconducting bolometers6, attainable sensitivities are currently far below the level of single-photon detection. This is in marked contrast to the visible and near-infrared regions (wavelengths shorter than about 1.5 µm), in which single-photon counting is possible using photomultiplier tubes. Here we report the detection of single far-infrared photons in the wavelength range 175–210 µm (6.0–7.1 meV), using a single-electron transistor consisting of a semiconductor quantum dot in high magnetic field. We detect, with a time resolution of a millisecond, an incident flux of 0.1 photons per second on an effective detector area of 0.1 mm2—a sensitivity that exceeds previously reported values by a factor of more than 104. The sensitivity is a consequence of the unconventional detection mechanism, in which one absorbed photon leads to a current of 106–1012 electrons through the quantum dot. By contrast, mechanisms of conventional detectors2,3,4,5,6 or photon assisted tunnelling7 in single-electron transistors produce only a few electrons per incident photon.