Attenuation of Extracellular Matrix Accumulation in Diabetic Nephropathy by the Advanced Glycation End Product Cross-Link Breaker ALT-711 via a Protein Kinase C-α−Dependent Pathway

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Abstract
This study investigated the role of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in mediating protein kinase C (PKC) isoform expression in diabetic nephropathy. In vitro, vascular smooth muscle cells incubated in a high-glucose (25-mmol/l) medium demonstrated translocation and increased expression of PKC-α as compared with those from a low-glucose (5-mmol/l) environment. Coincubation with the cross-link breaker ALT-711 and, to a lesser extent, with aminoguanidine, an inhibitor of AGE formation, attenuated the increased expression and translocation of PKC-α. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were randomized to no treatment, treatment with ALT-711, or treatment with aminoguanidine. Diabetes induced increases in PKC-α as well as in the -βI, -βII, and -ε isoforms. Treatment with ALT-711 and aminoguanidine, which both attenuate renal AGE accumulation, abrogated these increases in PKC expression. However, translocation of phosphorylated PKC-α from the cytoplasm to the membrane was reduced only by ALT-711. ALT-711 treatment attenuated expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and the extracellular matrix proteins, fibronectin and laminin, in association with reduced albuminuria. Aminoguanidine had no effect on VEGF expression, although some reduction of fibronectin and laminin was observed. These findings implicate AGEs as important stimuli for the activation of PKC, particularly PKC-α, in the diabetic kidney, which can be directly inhibited by ALT-711.