Microbiological and Chemical Changes During Storage of Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) Steaks in Retail Packages Containing CO2-Enriched Atmospheres

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Abstract
Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) steaks were held in retail packages containing 100% CO2 and in mixtures of 40% and 70% CO2 in combination with either oxygen or nitrogen. Controls were stored in air. Samples were removed for chemical and microbiological analyses after 2–22 d of storage at 3.5°C. The inhibitory effect of CO2 on psychrotrophic, aerobic gram-negative spoilage bacteria was proportional to the CO2 tension in the packages. Maximum inhibition of growth was achieved with 100% CO2. Except for steaks stored in 40% CO2:60% O2 heterofermentative Lactobacillus spp. became a dominant part of the microflora of steaks stored in CO2-enriched atmospheres. Pseudomonas spp. continued to be a major part of the microflora of steaks stored in 40% CO2:60% O2. During the first 2 d of storage, there was a decrease in the surface pH of the swordfish steaks proportional to the CO2 tension in the packages. Swordfish steaks stored in CO2-enriched atmospheres had lower total volatile nitrogen (TVN), trimethylamine (TMA) and...