Biological Oceanography in Canada: A Perspective and Review

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Abstract
The history of biological oceanography is reviewed with respect to developments both in Canada and other lands. From this history it is suggested that biological oceanography should be broadly defined as a study of the biology of the oceans. Narrower fields of specialization, such as planktonology, fisheries ecology, or studies on the benthic habitat, should be integrated to provide a better biological basis for understanding ocean communities.The interaction between biological oceanography and other studies in marine science is reviewed with respect to physical and chemical oceanography, fisheries, and pollution. Specific recommendations with respect to the future development of biological oceanography in Canada are made in the areas of national programs, training, instrument development, international relations, and interactions with other sciences in relation to the solution of practical problems in the marine environment.

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