Eucalypt invasion in Southern California

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Abstract
Eucalypts have been a part of the southern California landscape for at least 120 years, yet their spread from cultivation has been extremely slow. This lack of invasionary prowess is not primarily due to regeneration difficulties, although a seedbed free from competition is necessary for successful establishment. The rate of spread of the eucalypts from cultivation has been largely restricted by limited dispersal ability combined with the disjunct occurrence of suitable habitats for seedling survival. The major natural expansion of the range of eucalypts has occurred along drainage lines where bare ground occurs almost continuously and where floods may aid dispersal.