Abstract
Hamming once said, “The purpose of computing is insight, not numbers.” If that is so, then the speed of our computers should be measured in insights per year, not operations per second. One key insight we wish from nearly all computing in engineering and scientific applications is, “How accurate is the answerã” Standard numerical analysis has developed techniques of forward and backward error analysis to help provide this insight, but even the best codes for computing approximate answers can be fooled.

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