Surgery of the Esophagus

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Abstract
The Lower Esophageal RingIt is now clear that the lower esophageal ring (Schatzki) itself is the anatomic boundary of limited distensibility marking the esophagogastric junction. This fact is demonstrated by radiographic-manometric technics and operative observation. Heitmann et al.46 have shown that esophageal peristaltic waves stop at the ring. In 15 cases Wilkins and Bartlett47 found the ring at the exact mucosal junction by direct transgastric or transesophageal exposure. Rinaldo and Gahagan48 likewise found the ring at the mucosal junction in seven patients.These rings are of symptomatic consequence only if small enough to cause obstruction; 13 mm is apparently . . .