Microinjection of cultured rat embryos: Studies with retinol, 13‐cis‐ and all‐trans‐retinoic acid

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Abstract
Retinol, all‐trans‐retinoic acid or 13‐cis‐retinoic acid were intraamniotically microinjected in rat embryos on day 10 of gestation and cultured until day 11.5. A comparison of the concentration–effect relationships of the retinoids showed that the dysmorphogenic effects were qualitatively similar for all three, but were elicited by a low concentration of all‐trans‐retinoic acid (250 ng/ml), a 6‐ to 7‐fold higher concentration of 13‐cis‐retinoic acid and an approximately 16‐fold higher concentration of retinol. After microinjection of 2,000 ng/ml of retinol, no dysmorphogenesis was observed but instead an increase in all growth parameters as compared to the controls.