In vitro polyoma DNA synthesis: inhibition by 1-beta-d-arabinofuranosyl CTP

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Abstract
The effects of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl CTP (ara-CTP) on DNA replication were studied in an in vitro system from polyoma-infected BALB/3T3 cells. Ara-CTP concentrations of larger than or equal to 150 muM were found to block in vitro DNA synthesis completely, and concentrations of smaller than or equal to 0.3 muM had no inhibitory effect. Intermediate concentrations resulted in a concentration-dependent reduction of the in vitro synthesis rate. Long-term labeling with [alpha-32-P]ara-CTP demonstrated the incorporation of the analogue into cellular and viral DNA concomitantly with [3-H]TTP. In pulse-labeling experiments, at noninhibitory concentrations of the analogue, ara-CTP was incorporated into short DNA fragments and long growing strands to relatively the same extent as TTP. Partial venom phosphodiesterase digestion liberated the incoporated are-CTP at essentially the same rate as incorporated TTP, excluding a predominantly terminal incorporation, and after total venom phosphodiesterase digestion greater than 80% of the incorporated ara-CTP was recovered as 5'-ara-CMP. Analysis of the long-term in vitro viral DNA product made in the presence of partially inhibiting ara-CTP concentrations demonstrated that none of the steps leading to mature viral DNA were totally inhibited at the ara-CTP concentrations used. Pulse labeling of replicating viral DNA in the presence of ara-CTP revealed two consistent differences in the pattern found in control pulses: (i) predominant labeling of short chains (5S) with reduced amounts of radioactivity in the longer growing viral DNA strands (smaller than or equal to 16S), and (ii) a one-third to one-half reduction in size for short DNA chains labeled in the presence of ara-CTP. Release of the ara-CTP inhibition with excess dCTP resulted in covalent extension of these smaller short chans to approximately the size of regular short chains labeled in the absence of the inhibitor. Isolated short chains synthesized in the presence of ara-CTP exhibited a slightly lower degree of self-complementarity than regular short chains. The predominant labeling of short chains during pulses is, therefore, not a consequence of discontinuous growth on both sides of the replication fork. Similar results were obtained with ara-ATP and N-ethylmaleimide. The experiments indicate that ara-CTP acts primarily on DNA-polymerizing activities, affecting different DNA polymerases to varying degrees. The results are discussed in terms of the possible number and identity of polymerases involved in viral (and cellular) DNA replication.