Requirement for an initial signal from the membrane-proximal region of the interleukin 2 receptor γ c chain for Janus kinase activation leading to T cell proliferation

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Abstract
The interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R) generates proliferative signals in T lymphocytes by ligand-induced heterodimerization of two chains, IL-2Rbeta and gamma(c), which associate with the tyrosine kinases Jak1 and Jak3, respectively. Genetic and molecular studies have demonstrated that Jak3 is essential for mitogenic signaling by the gamma(c) chain; because it is also the only molecule known to associate with gamma(c), we speculated that Jak3 might be sufficient for signaling by this chain. Therefore, fusion proteins were constructed in which all or part of the cytoplasmic domain of gamma(c) was replaced by Jak3. Signaling was evaluated in the IL-2-dependent T cell line CTLL-2 using chimeric IL-2Rbeta and gamma(c) chains that bind and are activated by the cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Chimeric gamma(c) chains containing only Jak3 in the cytoplasmic domain failed to mediate proliferation of CTLL-2 cells, but addition of a conserved membrane-proximal (PROX) domain of gamma(c) in tandem with Jak3 fully reconstituted gamma(c) function. The requirement for the PROX domain reflected an essential role in the activation of Jak3 in vivo. Despite lacking defined catalytic motifs, PROX induced an early Jak-independent signal, including tyrosine phosphorylation of IL-2Rbeta and the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2. The results define the minimal signaling components of gamma(c) and suggest a new mechanism by which the IL-2R initiates signaling in response to ligand.