Nuclear skeleton, DNA domains and control of replication and transcription

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Abstract
Chromosomal DNA is organized in loops or domains of about 100 kb. Their ends seem to be attached to special protein skeletal structures. The DNA‐attachment sites can be subdivided into permanent and transient types. The permanent or constitutive attachment sites, which are retained in all types of cells (including those inactive in replication and transcription), either coincide with or are located close to replication origins. This observation provides a simple way for isolation of DNA fragments containing replication origins. Such fragments from the chicken α‐globin gene domain and other regions of the chicken genome contain DNA sequences which interact with nuclear proteins present in dividing cells, but absent from non‐dividing cells. Several new consensus sequences interacting with nuclear proteins were detected. The 5′ end region of the α‐globin gene domain containing a replication origin was found to possess enhancer activity lacking tissue specificity. Hence, the domain organization of DNA is related to the organization of replication process. Other sets of data indicate that the integrity of DNA domains is important for maintaining transcription within the domain. According to these data, even a single nick at an distance of about 100 kbp seems to be sufficient for blocking transcription within the whole domain at the stage of RNA elongation. Thus, topological integrity of DNA may be an important factor involved in formation of active chromatin.