Three-dimensional structure of the human transglutaminase 3 enzyme: binding of calcium ions changes structure for activation

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Abstract
Transglutaminase (TGase) enzymes catalyze the formation of covalent cross‐links between protein‐bound glutamines and lysines in a calcium‐dependent manner, but the role of Ca2+ ions remains unclear. The TGase 3 isoform is widely expressed and is important for epithelial barrier formation. It is a zymogen, requiring proteolysis for activity. We have solved the three‐dimensional structures of the zymogen and the activated forms at 2.2 and 2.1 Å resolution, respectively, and examined the role of Ca2+ ions. The zymogen binds one ion tightly that cannot be exchanged. Upon proteolysis, the enzyme exothermally acquires two more Ca2+ ions that activate the enzyme, are exchangeable and are functionally replaceable by other lanthanide trivalent cations. Binding of a Ca2+ ion at one of these sites opens a channel which exposes the key Trp236 and Trp327 residues that control substrate access to the active site. Together, these biochemical and structural data reveal for the first time in a TGase enzyme that Ca2+ ions induce structural changes which at least in part dictate activity and, moreover, may confer substrate specificity.