Costs and revenue of health care in a rural Zimbabwean district

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Abstract
The District Health Executive of Tsholotsho district in south-west Zimbabwe conducted a health care cost study for financial year 1997–98. The study's main purpose was to generate data on the cost of health care of a relatively high standard, in a context of decentralization of health services and increasing importance of local cost-recovery arrangements. The methodology was based on a combination of step-down cost accounting and detailed observation of resource use at the point of service. The study is original in that it presents cost data for almost all of the health care services provided at district level. The total annualized cost of the district public health services in Tsholotsho amounted to US$10 per capita, which is similar to the World Bank's Better Health in Africa study (1994) but higher than in comparable studies in other countries of the region. This can be explained by the higher standards of care and of living in Zimbabwe at the time of the study. About 60% of the costs were for the district hospital, while the different first-line health care facilities (health centres and rural hospitals together) absorbed 40%. Some 54% of total costs for the district were for salaries, 20% for drugs, 11% for equipment and buildings (including depreciation) and 15% for other costs. The study also looked into the revenue available at district level: the main source of revenue (85%) was from the Ministry of Health. The potential for cost recovery was hardly exploited and revenue from user fees was negligible. The study results further question the efficiency and relevance of maintaining rural hospitals at the current level of capacity, confirm the soundness of a two-tiered district health system based on a rational referral system, and make a clear case for the management of the different elements of the budget at the decentralized district level. The study shows that it is possible to deliver district health care of a reasonable quality at a cost that is by no means exorbitant, albeit unfortunately not yet within reach of many sub-Saharan African countries today.