The glial reaction in the course of axon regeneration: A stereological study of the rat hypoglossal nucleus

Publisher Website
Google Scholar
Abstract
Both hypoglossal nuclei were examined by electron microscope stereology after unilateral axotomy. The principal aim of this study was a quantitative assessment of the accompanying glial reaction. Volume densities (%) of neuronal and glial perikarya, as well as their processes, were evaluated in terms of volume plus surface densities (mm−1). In addition, specific surfaces (surface to volume ratio) of these neuronal and glial processes were assessed. First, a temporary decrease of dendritic volume density was detected on the ipsilateral side only. Further, the astrocytic reaction displayed differences between stem and lamellar processes. One day after axotomy, a bilateral decrease of volume density, as well as surface density of stem processes, was observed, yet their normal dimensions soon were reestablished. However, a more severe lamellar process reaction was evident. During the first 4 days, a significant increase of volume density and surface density was apparent. In the contralateral hypoglossal nucleus, this glial reaction also occurred but disappeared by day 14, whereas the ipsilateral nucleus continued to display a severe reaction of lamellar processes, only returning to normal status at day 77. In addition, a transient, severe reaction of presumptive microglia was established by employing the volume density and surface density quantitation procedure. Nevertheless, in comparison with the volume and surface contribution of astrocytic processes, the presumed microglial component was minimal. This study indicates a two-step involvement of astrocytes in regenerative repair. Namely, the first phase seems to result in an increase of lamellar processes through reshaping of the stem process. Following this, apparently a shift to de novo synthesis of astrocytic cytoplasmic and membrane constituents could occur, hence inducing a transient astrogliosis. The present investigation clearly indicates an essential supportive role of astroglia in the time course of regenerative processes initiated by hypoglossal nerve axotomy. Given such isolation of regenerating neurons, the microglial contribution to this regeneration probably is negligible.