Radio Echo-Sounding Studies of Englacial Water Movement in Variegated Glacier, Alaska

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Abstract
Radio-echo returns from internal reflectors were monitored for three weeks during surge motion on Variegated Glacier, Alaska in July 1982. A monopulse transmitter with 3 MHz center frequency was fixed on the glacier surface near the equilibrium line. Data were recorded on magnetic tape approximately three times daily and contain both amplitude and phase information. The frequency spectrum of returned radiation from englacial scatterers shows peaks in the 12 to 30 MHz range which places constraints on the size and geometry of the scatterers. Timing of variations in the amplitude and frequency of returned radiation were found to coincide with changes in glacier velocity, basal water pressure, and surface melt rate. These changes in the echo pattern are interpreted in terms of the redistribution of water in englacial channels and cavities connected to the bed some distance down-glacier. This connection has large hydraulic resistance compared to a bore hole connected vertically to the bed. The inflow of water to the cavities from surface melt and rain and the drainage are generally in equilibrium except in times of changed surface input and during surge pulses. In the latter case, water may fill these cavities due to increased pressure at the bed associated with the motion pulse. The information obtained is therefore complementary to bore-hole water pressure levels but cannot duplicate it. This is apparently due to fundamental differences in the hydraulics of the natural cavity and conduit system, and a bore hole connected vertically to the bed.