On the stationary states in gradient echo imaging

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Abstract
A formalism is presented that concisely describes the magnetization of a sample subjected to a periodic series of RF pulses. In this formalism, the steady state of the magnetization is shown to be a sum of magnetic substates, each with unique contrast characteristics. When more than one substate contributes to a given image, the substates interfere with each other, producing ghosts and other artifacts. Properly designed gradient protocols can image single substates, producing ghost‐free images. The contrast of the image depends largely on the choice of the imaged substate. Analytic solutions for unspoiled, RF spoiled, and gradient spoiled magnetizations are presented.

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