Structure of Flux Lines in Three-Dimensional Layered Type-II Superconductor: Numerical Experiments

We clarified the vortex structure of modeled 3D type-II layered superconductors by solving directly the time dependent Ginzburg-Landau equation coupled with the Maxwell equation. We found, in both modeled type- $A$ $\left(d\approx {\xi }_c\right)$ and type- $B$ $\left(d\gg {\xi }_c\right)$ systems, where $d$ and ${\xi }_c$ are a layer periodicity and a coherence length in the $c$ axis, respectively, stable entangled vortex structures near the sample edge by the external field inclined with respect to the $c$ axis. By increasing the temperature in the modeled type- $B$ system, we also found a change from straight to staircase vortices consisting of segments parallel and perpendicular to layers.