Characteristics of Prostate Cancer Detected in the American Cancer Society-National Prostate Cancer Detection Project

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Abstract
The American Cancer Society-National Prostate Cancer Detection Project is a prospective, comparative study of a cohort of 2,999 men 55 to 70 years old not suspected on entry of having prostate cancer. A total of 164 prostate cancers is available from this project for analysis. A small proportion of tumors detected were advanced in terms of the clinical stage at diagnosis. Cancer detected by digital rectal examination tended to be more advanced than that found on the basis of only transrectal ultrasound or prostate specific antigen (PSA). A large proportion of patients received curative therapy involving radical prostatectomy in 67.1% and radiotherapy in 18.3%. Of 103 men presumed to have organ confined disease and treated by prostatectomy 64 (37.9%) actually had locally extensive cancer pathologically. PSA level and PSA density were associated with the detection of organ confined cancer but several advanced tumors had PSA levels in the normal range. Age referenced PSA, compared to conventional standards, demonstrated lower sensitivity to cancer with little improvement in specificity. The disease resulting from this multimodality detection effort represented a spectrum of pathological conditions. Further followup and evaluation are needed to determine whether these benefits are reflected in long-term mortality and survival experience.