One-dimensional energy transfer in GdCl3

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Abstract
We report the observation of the intrinsic fluorescence of anydrous gadolinium trichloride GdCl3 when laser light is absorbed into the first excited state 6P7/2. With the aid of a frequency doubled pulsed dye laser, we are able to analyze carefully the excitation and emission spectra as well as the decay times over a range of temperatures including that at which the material undergoes a ferromagnetic transition at 2.2 K. At 4.4 K and above, experiments at low excitation density (N014 excited ions/cm3) show that the intrinsic and the impurity induced trap fluorescence dynamics are well described in terms of a fast diffusion and trapping model. When the excitation density is increased anti‐Stokes fluorescences appear efficiently; they are assigned to the 6D9/2, 6I7/2→8S7/2 transitions. High excitation density effect on the intrinsic decay as well as the decay of the anti‐Stokes fluorescence are nicely reproduced by a theoretical model involving mainly an exciton–exciton annihilation process. Moreover, an excited state absorption mechanism contributes notably to the anti‐Stokes fluorescence intensity at t=0 with increasing the excitation density. In the ferromagnetic phase of GdCl3, at 1.5 K, the one‐dimensional nature of the exciton diffusion (8S7/2↔6P7/2) is confirmed by the ‘‘incoherent’’ exciton decay analysis using an appropriate model recently developed by Cibert et al. Finally a diffusion length spreading over 2500 visited Gd3+ normal sites is evaluated, knowing the hopping time as a function of the nearest neighbor interactions (nn) in the crude approximation of an ideal two level system in a linear chain of atoms.