Synthetic multifunctional pores: lessons from rigid-rod β-barrels

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Abstract
In this account, studies on synthetic multifunctional pores formed by rigid-rod β-barrels are summarized comprehensively. The first section outlines the evolution of synthetic multifunctional pores from the introduction of rigid-rod molecules in bioorganic chemistry and the discovery of synthetic β-barrels in comparison with pertinent developments in related areas of research. Design strategies to position active sites at the inner surface of rigid-rod β-barrel pores are described in the second section. The third section focuses on the characteristics of transmembrane barrel-stave pores, emphasizing the dynamic nature of supramolecular oligomers with the aid of notional phase and energy diagrams. Section four introduces multifunctionality with the use of synthetic pores as hosts of a rich collection of guests, reaching from inorganic cations to organic macromolecules like peptides, oligonucleotides, polysaccharides and polyacetylenes. In section five, practical applicability of molecular recognition by synthetic multifunctional pores is documented with non-invasive fluorometric enzyme sensing. The application of host–guest chemistry within synthetic pores to couple molecular recognition and translocation with molecular transformation is the topic of section six. The last section mentions some perspectives and challenges with synthetic multifunctional pores.