Sources of Gender Inequality in Income: What the Australian Census Says

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Abstract
Both historically and comparatively, under competitive and state-directed labor markets, women have not earned incomes equal to those of men. While in Australia equal pay decisions have in less than a decade increased the female/male earnings ratio by almost one-third, a high and relatively stable degree of occupational segregation makes it questionable how far equal pay decisions can increase the lower lifetime incomes that women earn compared with men. Data from the 1976 Australian census, which allow some assessment of how worker characteristics and the sex-typing of jobs affect the lower incomes of women, lead to the general conclusion that, while direct wage discrimination may have been virtually eliminated, occupational segregation by gender, discontinuous career patterns and part-time employment continue to depress the earnings of women.

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