Autoimmune IDDM in a sporadic MELAS patient with mitochondrial tRNALeu(UUR) mutation

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Abstract
We report a 28-year-old young male with MELAS syndrome (mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes) presenting with two previous episodes of stroke-like manifestation, lactic acidosis and mitochondrial cardiomyopathy. He was also affected with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), as diagnosed by the experience of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and dependence on insulin therapy. On admission, the serum lactate level was found to be increased to 5.4 mmol/l, and plasma glucose level to 7.9 mmol/l with haemoglobin A1c 8.4%, while he was using insulin 26–30 units per day. Physical examination revealed a short stature male of height of 150 cm and weight of 49 kg. Mild mental retardation with bilateral sensorineural hearing impairment was observed. After glucagon stimulation, C-peptide levels rose from 0.46 nmol/l to 0.53 nmol/l, indicative of impaired insulin secretion. Anti-glutamate decarboxylase (anti-GAD) antibody was positive. In addition, human leucocyte associated antigen (HLA) typing showed DR3 and DR4, suggesting the strong contribution of autoimmunity to the pathogenesis of IDDM in this patient. Moreover, the result of a treadmill exercise test was positive due to inferior wall myocardial ischaemia. Cardiac catheterization and endomyocardial biopsy disclosed a normal coronary angiogram and confirmed the diagnosis of mitochondrial cardiomyopathy. Molecular genetic analysis of his family revealed a sporadic occurrence of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation at base pair (bp) 3243. The degree of heteroplasmy of mtDNA mutation from a total of 19 passages of skin-derived fibroblasts from this patient showed a slightly downward trend. This extremely rare case of sporadic MELAS syndrome with autoimmune IDDM harbouring mtDNA mutation highlights the possible pathogenetic role of mtDNA mutations in autoimmune disease.