Trans-Illumination of Passerine Bird Eggs in Field Studies on Clutch-Size and Incubation

Abstract
A handy device for trans-illuminating eggs of passerine birds in the field is described. Recommendations are given for the interpretation of developmental stages of trans-illuminated eggs in order to decide if a clutch is complete. Special attention is paid to the first 4 days of the incubation period when the swelling of the yolk mass is easily registered providing information on the beginning of the incubation behavior during the laying period, on the frequency of non-developing eggs, and on the date of laying onset.

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