Protection of chylomicron remnants from oxidation by incorporation of probucol into the particles enhances their uptake by human macrophages and increases lipid accumulation in the cells

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Abstract
The effects of protection of chylomicron remnants from oxidation on their uptake and induction of lipid accumulation in macrophages were investigated using chylomicron remnant‐like particles (CRLPs) containing the lipophilic antioxidant drug, probucol, and macrophages derived from the human monocyte cell line, THP‐1. The total lipid content of THP‐1 macrophages was markedly higher (×2.2) after 48 h of incubation of THP‐1 macrophages with CRLPs containing probucol (pCRLPs) when compared to CRLPs without probucol, and this was because of increases in triacylglycerol (×2.3) and cholesterol (×1.8) levels, while cholesteryl ester concentrations were not significantly changed. Determination of the uptake of CRLPs and pCRLPs by the cells using particles labelled with the fluorescent probe 1,1′‐dioctadecyl‐3,3,3′3′‐tetramethylindo‐carbocyanine perchlorate showed that pCRLPs are taken up at a faster rate than CRLPs. The synthesis of triacylglycerol, as measured by the incorporation of [3H]oleate and [3H]glycerol, was also increased in macrophages incubated with pCRLPs as compared to CRLPs without probucol, but phospholipid and cholesteryl ester formation from [3H]oleate was unaffected. In addition, no differences between the effects of CRLPs and pCRLPs on the expression of mRNA for a range of genes believed to be involved in lipoprotein uptake, intracellular lipid metabolism and the efflux of cholesterol from macrophages was detected. These results suggest that antioxidants carried in chylomicron remnants enhance lipid accumulation in macrophages by increasing the rate of uptake of the particles and raising the intracellular synthesis of triacylglycerol, but not cholesteryl ester, and that these effects are brought about by changes at the post‐transcriptional level. Antioxidants carried in chylomicron remnants therefore may promote the development of atherosclerosis, and this is likely to be particularly important in conditions where clearance of remnants from the circulation is delayed.

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