A Renal Countercurrent System in Marine Elasmobranch Fish: A Computer-Assisted Reconstruction

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Abstract
Computer-aided techniques were used to reconstruct the complex renal tubular system in the dorsal kidney region of a marine elasmobranch fish, the little skate (Raja erinacea), from a series of light micrographs of serial sections. It was established that five individual segments of one nephron, consisting of two loops and a distal tubule, are arranged in parallel within an elongated closed tissue sac. Capillaries, which form a network around these nephron segments, enter and exit this sac at the same end. This anatomical arrangement suggests that a complex renal countercurrent multiplier system may be important in fluid regulation in these fish.