Aging and Shiftwork: The Effects of 20 Years of Rotating 12-Hour Shifts Among Petroleum Refinery Operators

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Abstract
The survey was conducted in a Canadian refinery where operators have been working rotating 12-hour shifts for 20 years. A multidisciplinary approach was adopted, based on 12 sources of data. Descriptive statistics and chronoergonomic observations were used. The most marked consequences of the schedule were observed among former shiftworkers. Among current shift workers, sleep deficit, chronic fatigue, health problems, and disruption of social and family life were the most serious effects observed. Aging and under-staffing, however, interact with schedule by necessitating overtime and reducing the actual number of rest days, which in turn affects fatigue and reliability. In the near future, the low replacement rate of the workforce and the limitations on reassignment of aging workers to day shifts will probably prevent the selection process from playing its ''protective'' role. Besides, with the 5-year delay of the retirement age, the harmful effects in older operators active over the next 5-10 years may prove greater than those observed in this study.

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