Phylogenetic analysis of Metabacterium polyspora: clues to the evolutionary origin of daughter cell production in Epulopiscium species, the largest bacteria

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Abstract
It is rare that there are molecular clues to the evolutionary origin of developmental traits. We have encountered an evolutionary juxtaposition that may explain the origin of the unique replicative morphology of Epulopiscium spp., the largest known bacteria, which reproduce by the internal production of multiple live offspring. We report here a 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic analysis of Metabacterium polyspora, a multiple-endospore-forming, uncultivated inhabitant of guinea pig cecum. Cells of M. polyspora were harvested from cecum contents by sedimentation in a Ficoll gradient and lysed. The bacterial 16S rRNA genes of this lysate were amplified by PCR. Sequence analysis of the cloned PCR products revealed two dominant, closely related 16S rRNA types. In situ hybridization of cecum contents with fluorescently labeled oligonucleotides, diagnostic of these two sequences, showed that they represent distinct strains of M. polyspora. Phylogenetic analyses of the sequences showed that M. polyspora is closely related to Epulopiscium spp. On the basis of this result and other correlations, we propose that the process of sporulation was modified in a predecessor of Epulopiscium spp. to produce live offspring instead of quiescent endospores.