The Origin of Competence for Lens Formation in the Amphibia

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Abstract
1. Presumptive ectoderm of Triton alpestris was removed from the young gastrula and cultivated in Holtfreter solution at 25° C. until control embryos had developed open neural plates. 2. Presumptive eye material from neural plate embryos, with some attached archenteron roof, was then implanted into the isolated fragments of ectoderm. 3. The grafted tissue formed single complete eyes, and bilaterally symmetrical portions of the brain, although the implant contained asymmetrical portions of the neural plate. 4. In some of the explants the competence for neural differentiation was retained even to this late stage, and neural tubes were induced. In other specimens the inner layer of ectoderm consists of long, cylindrical, regularly arranged cells, like those of the sensory inner layer of ectoderm in the mouth region of a normal larva. Still other specimens formed thin-walled vesicles with no sensorisation, and others again differentiated into the compact masses of tissue normally formed by isolated gastrula ectoderm. 5. Lenses were induced in all types of explant mentioned above except the last. 6. It is concluded that the formation of lens competence is not dependent on the presence of non-axial mesoderm or on the previous occurrence of a process of neural induction, but is dependent on the differentiation of the ectoderm into a thin layer, which differentiation may be brought about in various ways, and perhaps purely mechanically. The formation of a thin layer of ectoderm is probably a sufficient as well as a necessary condition for the origin of lens competence.

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