Capacitively coupled microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometer for the determination of lead in whole blood

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Abstract
The determination of lead in whole blood by atomic emission spectrometry using a capacitively coupled microwave plasma and a tungsten filament electrode is presented. When the plasma-supporting electrode is also used as the sample holder, transfer of the sample to the plasma is 100%. Microwaves are used to dry the sample and, at higher powers, ignite a helium plasma which results in the atomization and excitation of Pb. Using this methodology, a detection limit of 3 pg of Pb was obtained using 5-microL aqueous samples. The precision was 9%. Whole blood samples were subjected to a drying stage similar to that of the aqueous samples. Following this drying stage, a low-power (30 W) helium plasma was ignited and used to ash the blood sample. Higher power plasmas (> 150 W) were used to atomize and excite the Pb. Recovery of Pb from the blood samples was 88%, when compared to aqueous standards.
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