Practical Application of Ozone: Principles and Case Studies

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Abstract
Ozonation is used in drinking water treatment to achieve a variety of treatment goals. The purposes of ozonation include the following: Disinfection and algae control Oxidation of inorganic pollutants Iron and manganese Oxidation of organic micropollutants Taste and odor compounds Phenolic pollutants Pesticides Oxidation of organic macropollutants (that is, nonspecific organic targets) Bleaching of color Increasing the biodegradability of organics Destruction of trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP), total organic halide formation potential (TOXFP), and chlorine demand Improvement of coagulation Control of: Point of Application Ozone Dose Best Pathway * Notes Fe/Mn Pre, Inter Med Molec. Inter may be best with high-DOC waters. Color Inter Med-High Molec. Two-step stoichiometry. Taste and odor Inter High Rad. T&O may be produced by low ozone doses. SOCs Inter Med-High Rad. Molec. may be best for some compounds. Particles Pre Low Unknown May require high calcium concentration. Algae Pre, Inter Low-Med Unknown Can be used with flotation. Pathogens Pre, Post Med-High Molec. Pre in U.S.; post in Europe. Cl2 by-products Inter, Pre Low-High Molec. High levels of removal require Rad. Biodegradables Inter Med Unknown Design of downstream filtration process is important. Choice of molecular (Molec.) or radical (Rad.) pathway.

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