The effects of methylxanthines on catecholamine-stimulated and normal chick embryos

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Abstract
Doses of theophylline and caffeine which do not produce aortic arch anomalies in embryonic chicks have been shown to potentiate catecholamine-induced aortic arch malformations in that experimental animal. Theophylline (2.1 × 10−5 mole per milliliter isotonic saline solution) potentiated the effective dose of norepinephrine more than 100 times. The greatest potentiation observed with epinephrine (2.5 ×) was induced by 2.6 × 10−5 mole caffeine. This study also demonstrated that both methylxanthines specifically induce aneurysms of the ascending aorta and complete absence (or nearly complete constriction) of the right ductus arteriosus. The incidences of these types of cardiovascular malformations proved to be dose dependent with theophylline a more potent teratogen than caffeine. The mobilization of calcium and/or cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibition by the methylxanthines are suggested as significant actions in the potentiation of catecholamine-induced aortic arch anomalies.