Resistance to Pyrethroid Insecticides in the Spotted Tentiform Leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), in Southern Ontario

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Abstract
Populations of the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (F.), developed 4- to 6-fold resistance to permethrin and fenvalerate after ca. 4–5 years of use. These populations showed cross resistance to all other pyrethroids (4- to 17-fold) and to DDT (ca. 39-fold). Resistance was not affected by addition of synergists such as piperonyl butoxide, MGK 264, DEF, or triphenyl phosphate and, therefore, is probably due to a non metabolic knockdown resistance-type mechanism. Surveys indicated that resistance has become widespread across southern Ontario from the Simcoe area east to Smithfield but not in the Essex-Kent or Meaford areas. Recently, higher levels (ca. 10-fold) of resistance to permethrin (and deltamethrin) were found in samples from near Bowmanville.