Abstract
Public awareness of the use of restraints in medicine has been greatly heightened by a five-part investigative series on physical restraints in psychiatric hospitals by the Hartford Courant and reaction to it by Connecticut's U.S. senators, Joseph Lieberman and Christopher Dodd.1 In October 1998 the Courant 's 50-state survey identified 142 patients who had died while in restraints or seclusion in the past decade, and the total number is probably much higher.2 The newspaper advocated the need for national standards for the use of restraints, impartial oversight, and accountability “for behavior that is cruel and even criminal.”1 The use of . . .

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