Considerations in the Process Design of Nutrient Removal Activated Sludge Processes

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Abstract
The average influent wastewater characteristics - (i) the COD concentration, (ii) the TKN/COD concentration ratio, (iii) the rapidly biodegradable COD concentration, (iv) the maximum specific growth rate of the nitrifiers at 20°C attainable in the wastewater, (v) the maximum and minimum temperatures, and (vi) the P/COD concentration ratio - are shown to govern the design of, and effluent quality from single sludge activated sludge processes for both biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal. The TKN/COD ratio governs the selection of the process type: For the Phoredox process, complete denitrification is essential to obtain excess P removal, and this is shown to be feasible only for TKN/COD ratios less than 0,07 to 0,08 mgN/mgCOD; as the TKN/COD ratio increases above 0,08, complete denitrification becomes increasingly unlikely, and the UCT or Modified UCT processes are appropriate because in these processes complete denitrification is not essential to achieve excess P removal - in these processes N and P removal can be traded off against each other depending on the critical nutrient to be removed. Primary sedimentation significantly reduces the biological nutrient removal potential of activated sludge process because it increases the TKN/COD and P/COD ratios and reduces the COD load; however it significantly reduces the process volume and total oxygen demand.

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