Decline of Red Spruce in the Green Mountains of Vermont

Abstract
Red spruce (P. rubens Sarg.), a potentially long-lived (> 300 yr) shade tolerant major forest species of the region, declined by about half in basal area and density in virgin mid to high elevation stands in the Green Mountains of Vermont between 1964-1979. The decrease is not logically related to forest successional development and no specific causes have been documented. Diminished growth rates and general low tree vigor in 1981 indicate that the decline is continuing.

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