Chronic Maternal Undernutrition in the Rat Leads to Delayed Postnatal Growth and Elevated Blood Pressure of Offspring

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Abstract
To determine the effects of chronic maternal undernutrition on postnatal somatic growth and blood pressure, pregnant dams were randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatment groups. A control group was fed ad libitum throughout pregnancy and a restricted group was fed 30% of ad libitum intake. From birth, feeding was ad libitum in both groups, and litter size was adjusted to eight pups per litter. Litter size was not significantly altered by the reduced maternal intake. Offspring of the restricted fed group were significantly smaller than offspring from the ad libitum fed group from birth until 12 wk of age, but by 30 wk had similar body weights. Blood pressure was measured by tail cuff plethysmography. Offspring from the restricted fed group were found to have significantly (p < 0.05) elevated systolic blood pressure (5-8 mm Hg) at 30, 48, and 56 wk of age. These data demonstrate that nutritional deprivation in the pregnant rat leads to changes in postnatal allometric growth patterns, to delayed catch-up growth, and to elevated blood pressure in adulthood. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that poor maternal nutrition in pregnancy may irreversibly alter programming of the development of cardiovascular homeostasis.