In vivo interaction of the enantiomers of disopyramide in human subjects

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Abstract
Disopyramide, an antiarrhythmic agent, is marketed as a racemic mixture of two enantiomers. The racemic drug has unusual pharmacokinetic properties because of its concentration-dependent binding to plasma proteins in the therapeutic plasma concentration range. This study examined, in healthy subjects, the individual pharmacokinetic properties of both total and unbound d-and ldisopyramide in plasma after intravenous administration of each enantiomer separately (1.5mg/kg).Also investigated is the pharmacokinetics of total d-and l-disopyramide in plasma after intravenous administration of a pseudoracemate. Both d-and l-disopyramide are found to exhibit concentration-dependent binding to plasma proteins, with d-disopyramide being more avidly bound at lower concentrations. The stereoselective, concentration-dependent binding to plasma proteins resulted in distinct pharmacokinetic properties when the enantiomers were given together as the pseudoracemate. d-Disopyramide had a lower plasma clearance and renal clearance, a longer half-life, and a smaller apparent volume of distribution than l-disopyramide. However, when the enantiomers were administered separately, there were no differences in the clearance, renal clearance, and volume of distribution between enantiomers calculated from either total or unbound drug concentrations. The results reveal an important pharmacokinetic interaction between the enantiomers of disopyramide when given as a racemic mixture, which may be dose-dependent and is not apparent upon administration of the enantiomers separately.