Current Therapy for Crigler–Najjar Syndrome Type 1: Report of A World Registry

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Abstract
This study represents a multicenter survey on the management of patients with Crigler–Najjar syndrome (CNS) type 1. The aim of the survey was to find guiding principles for physicians in the care of these patients. Fifty–seven patients were included. At the time of inclusion, 21 patients had received a liver transplant (37%). The average age at transplantation was 9.1 ± 6.9 years (range, 1-23 years); the age of the patients who had not been transplanted at the time of inclusion was 6.9 ± 6.0 years (range, 0-23 years). Brain damage had developed in 15 patients (26%). Five patients died, and 10 are alive with some degree of mental or physical handicap. In 2 patients, ages 22 and 23 years, early signs of bilirubin encephalopathy could be reversed, in 1 by prompt medical intervention followed by liver transplantation and in the other by prompt liver transplantation. Seven patients underwent transplantation with some degree of brain damage at the time of the surgery; 1 of these died after retransplantation, 2 improved neurologically, and 4 remained neurologically impaired. The age of 8 patients with and 13 without brain damage at or before transplantation was 14.3 ± 5.9 and 5.9 ± 5.4 years ( P < .01), respectively. Therapy of CNS type 1 consists of phototherapy (12 h/d), followed by liver transplantation. Phototherapy, although initially very effective, is socially inconvenient and becomes less efficient in the older age group, thus also decreasing compliance. Currently, liver transplantation is the only effective therapy. This survey shows that, in a significant number of patients, liver transplantation is performed after some form of brain damage has already occurred. From this, one must conclude that liver transplantation should be performed at a young age, particularly in situations in which reliable administration of phototherapy cannot be guaranteed.