The Raised Beaches, and ‘Head’ or Rubble-drift, of the South of England: their Relation to the Valley Drifts and to the Glacial Period; and on a late post-Glacial Submergence

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§1. Objects of the Paper. I have HAVE been led of late years to conclude that, besides the subaerial, marine, and river-valley drifts of Glacial and post-Glacial age, there is another which cannot be referred to any of the causes to which those drifts owe their origin. Nevertheless this drift is not only of common occurrence, but it is found in positions and with characters at one time simulating the Valley Gravels, and at another presenting features more analogous to those due to Glacial or to Subaerial action. It is therefore desirable, in order to prevent confusion, that the place of this Drift should be defined before proceeding, as I had intended, with the other Quaternary series ill their due order. I described long ago one phase of the Rubble-drift—as I propose for the present to term this drift—in the Sangatte Cliff, 1 namely that long known as the ‘Head,’ which is associated with all our Raised Beaches; and more recently I have briefly discussed some of the theoretical questions connected with its origin 2 Since then I have, however, materially enlarged the scope of the enquiry and arrived at more definite conclusions. I purpose, therefore, in this paper—lstly, to give the range of the Raised Beaches and Head in the South of England and South Wales; 2ndly, to show their relation to the Valley Drifts; 3rdly, to define the characters and position of the Head or Rubble-drift, and to determine its several phases inland; and, 4thly, to enquire into the

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