Astrophysical constraints on axion and Majoron couplings

Abstract
We discuss in detail photon propagation within a medium. The results are then used to calculate the cross section of the photoproduction of pseudoscalars within the stellar medium in the most general case when the pseudoscalar has an appreciable mass and the photon is also massive due to matter effects. We discuss the Compton-type and the Primakoff-type processes, including the interference of them. Finally, we use the cross section to estimate the solar energy leakage due to axions. This produces bounds on the axion parameters which are discussed.