Angiopoietin 1, PDGF‐B, and TGF‐β gene regulation in endothelial cell and smooth muscle cell interaction

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Abstract
The vascular wall is mainly composed of endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). The crosstalking between these two cell types is critical in the vascular maturation process. Genetic studies suggest that the Tie2/angiopoietin 1 (Ang1) pathway regulates vascular remodeling. However, the molecular mechanism is unclear. PDGF is a potent chemoattractant for SMCs, and TGF‐β regulates SMC differentiation. Here, we examined gene regulation. PDGF‐B stimulation upregulated Ang1 expression in SMCs through the PI3K and PKC pathways. PDGF‐B stimulation also produced an acute induction of TGF‐β expression in SMCs through the MAPK/ERK pathway. Interestingly, TGF‐β negatively regulated Ang1 expression induced by the PDGF‐B stimulation in SMCs. Reciprocally, we observed that stimulation of ECs with either Ang1 or TGF‐β slightly downregulated PDGF expression. A combination of both TGF‐β with Ang1 produced much stronger downregulation of PDGF. Our data showed complex gene regulations that include both positive and negative regulations between ECs and SMCs to maintain vascular homeostasis.