Variation in intensive care unit outcomes: a search for the evidence on organizational factors

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Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine the extent of empirical evidence on the role of organizational factors in the critical care literature and to categorize these factors. Studies evaluating organizational factors were identified through electronic and hand searching of the critical care literature. Sixty-three publications relating to 54 different studies were identified. The studies were grouped into eight main categories: staffing, teamwork, volume and pressure of work, protocols, admission to intensive care, technology, structure, and error. Studies evaluating organizational factors exist in the critical care literature, and there is evidence that the number is increasing each year. Results indicate that organizational factors may have an impact on mortality after case mix adjustment. Some areas have been investigated more thoroughly than others and are ripe for systematic review. Variation in case mix adjusted hospital mortality after intensive care is an old theme. This study has shown that emerging data will help us understand mortality differences and deliver better outcomes for patients.