Relationship Between Biofeedback and Oxidative Stress in Patients With Chronic Migraine

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Abstract
Chronic migraine (1.5.1) is burdened with headache-related disability. During noxious stimulation, changes of cerebral blood flow enhance the release of oxygen free radicals that react with nitric oxide (NO). We investigated the role of biofeedback in limiting migraine disability by influencing oxidative stress. Peroxides, NO and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were analysed in 20 female subjects with chronic migraine and in 20 female healthy controls before and after biofeedback sessions. NOx levels (23.7 ± 4.2 vs. 34.9 ± 4.6 μM; P < 0.05) and SOD activity (6.5 ± 1.0 vs. 8.0 ± 0.7 U/ml; P < 0.05) were lower in migraine sufferers before treatment than in healthy controls, whereas peroxide levels (145.8 ± 40.3 vs. 78.0 ± 20.0 μM; P < 0.05) were higher in migraine sufferers before treatment than in healthy controls. In migraine sufferers NOx levels (23.7 ± 4.2 vs. 31.3 ± 7.1 μM; P < 0.05) and SOD activity (6.5 ± 1.0 vs. 7.9 ± 0.9 U/ml; P < 0.05) were lower before than after treatment, whereas peroxide levels (145.8 ± 40.3 vs. 82.4 ± 21.1 μM; P < 0.05) were higher before than after treatment. SOD serum activity correlated positively with NOx serum levels and negatively with peroxide serum levels in healthy controls and in chronic migraine sufferers before and after biofeedback. The mean Migraine Disability Assessment Score before biofeedback sessions was higher than after treatment (36.9 ± 13.9 vs. 18.8 ± 10.4; P < 0.001). The effectiveness of biofeedback in limiting chronic migraine may be related to muscular relaxation associated with decreased oxidative stress accompanied by psychological well-being.