Bioelectric responses at fertilization: Separation of the events associated with insemination from those due to the cortical reaction in sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus

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Abstract
The bioelectric responses at fertilization of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus are a complex series of membrane potential and resistance changes that occur concomitant with gamete fusion, ionic fluxes, and the cortical granule discharge. This work attempts to separate the electrical effects of sperm‐egg interactions from those of the cortical reactions. Two approaches were taken to discern the electrical events associated with insemination, distinct from cortical granule discharge: (1) fertilization of eggs treated with 3% urethane, 10 mM procaine, or 10 mM nicotine, to prevent the cortical reaction and (2) refertilization of fertilized eggs (denuded with 1 mM aminotriazole containing 1 mg/ml soybean trypsin inhibitor). Cortical granule discharge in the absence of sperm incorporation was investigated by artificial activation with 5 μM A23187 or by fertilization in the presence of 10 μM cytochalasin D, which prevents incorporation.These results are consistent with a model in which the sperm‐egg interaction triggers both a rapid (50–400 msec), but minor (≅10 mV), electrical transient that leads to an action potential and then both the Na+‐dependent fast block to polyspermy and the late block resulting from the secretion of the cortical granules.