Release and Establishment of Urophora affinis (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Spotted Knapweed in Western Montana 1

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Abstract
A gall-producing fly, Urophora affinis Frfld., was released at a site in western Montana in 1973 for the control of spotted knapweed ( Centaurea maculosa Lam.). A total of 279 U. affinis was field-released while 150 were released into a field cage. The U. affinis population within the field cage increased significantly over a 2-yr period as evidenced by an increase of infested seed heads from 15.2–71.3%. Galls of field-released U. affinis were found at a distance of 50 m from the initial release point after 2 yr; adults were found throughout the field in small numbers. The life-history of the fly was closely synchronized with the development of its host plant.

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