New Developments in the Production and Measurement of Ultra High Vacuum

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Abstract
A new vacuum technology is described which makes it possible to achieve working pressures as low as 10−10 mm Hg in a routine and straightforward fashion. This is accomplished without the use of chemical getters, special traps, or refrigerants of any kind. Essential to this technology are several new instruments which have been especially developed for the production or measurement of ultra high vacua. These new tools have permitted us to carry out a number of researches concerning the phenomena which occur at very low pressures. The ultra high vacuum technology has also made possible a new experimental approach in the fields of gaseous and physical electronics.