Surface analysis of Cu–Be dynode

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Abstract
Surfaces of Cu–Be (2%) dynodes activated at various conditions were studied. The mechanism of formation of the BeO layer was studied by means of surface analysis with ESCA, SEM, and AES. Peaks of oxidized Be, O, and a little C were detected but Cu was not found at all in the ESCA and AES spectra of surface products produced at various conditions, i.e., at activation temperatures between 750 ° and 870 °C in oxygen at a pressure of about 5×10−3 Torr (7×10−1 Pa). The BeO layers activated at low temperature were thin and smooth on the surface, indicating uniform growth of BeO grains, while those activated at high temperature had a rather roughened surface with fissures and apparent coarse uneveness in the form of grains. The maximum yield of the secondary electrons was around 5.2 at approximately 700 eV and about 4.7 at 600 eV, at activation temperatures of 780° and 870°C. It is concluded that transition in the formation mechanism of the growth of the BeO layer takes place between an activation temperature of approximately 800° and 870°C.

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