The Activation State of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Determines the Efficiency of ATP Competition for Pyridinylimidazole Inhibitor Binding

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Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase p38 is a ubiquitous, highly conserved, stress responsive, signal-transducing enzyme. It regulates the production of proinflammatory mediators and is the target of the cytokine synthesis inhibitory pyridinylimidazoles. We have expressed human p38 in Drosophila S2 cells and characterized preparations of mixed unphosphorylated/monophosphorylated (inactive) and homogeneously diphosphorylated (active) forms of the enzyme. We observed that only the active preparation of the enzyme has significant kinase activity when assayed using an ATF2−GST fusion protein as the substrate. We determined that the value of KM[ATP] in this reaction is 25 μM and that the pyridinylimidazole inhibitor of p38 kinase activity, SB203580, competes with ATP. We have found that a tritiated pyridinylimidazole, SB202190, has an equal affinity for both the active and inactive forms of the enzyme and that SB203580 competes with it equally well for binding to either form of the enzyme. However, ATP can compete with the tritiated inhibitor for binding to only the active form of the enzyme. Further, we demonstrate in vivo that at concentrations consistent with its IC50 as a cytokine inhibitor, SB203580 can inhibit stimulus-induced phosphorylation of p38 at the Thr-Gly-Tyr activation motif. Our observations suggest that pyridinylimidazoles may block the biological activity of p38 kinase by binding to the inactive form of p38 and reducing its rate of activation. Under these conditions, ATP would not effectively compete with the inhibitors in vivo.