Effects of iron deficiency and iron overload on manganese uptake and deposition in the brain and other organs of the rat

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Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element at low concentrations, but at higher concentrations is neurotoxic. It has several chemical and biochemical properties similar to iron (Fe), and there is evidence of metabolic interaction between the two metals, particularly at the level of absorption from the intestine. The aim of this investigation was to determine whether Mn and Fe interact during the processes involved in uptake from the plasma by the brain and other organs of the rat. Dams were fed control (70 mg Fe/kg), Fe-deficient (5-10 mg Fe/kg), or Fe-loaded (20 g carbonyl Fe/kg) diets, with or without Mn-loaded drinking water (2 g Mn/L), from day 18-19 of pregnancy, and, after weaning the young rats, were continued on the same dietary regimens. Measurements of brain, liver, and kidney Mn and nonheme Fe levels, and the uptake of 54Mn and 59Fe from the plasma by these organs and the femurs, were made when the rats were aged 15 and 63 d. Organ nonheme Fe levels were much higher than Mn levels, and in the liver and kidney increased much more with Fe loading than did Mn levels with Mn loading. However, in the brain the increases were greater for Mn. Both Fe depletion and loading led to increased brain Mn concentrations in the 15-d/rats, while Fe loading also had this effect at 63 d. Mn loading did not have significant effects on the nonheme Fe concentrations. 54Mn, injected as MnCl2 mixed with serum, was cleared more rapidly from the circulation than was 59Fe, injected in the form of diferric transferrin. In the 15-d-rats, the uptake of 54Mn by brain, liver, kidneys, and femurs was increased by Fe loading, but this was not seen in the 63-d rats. Mn supplementation led to increased 59Fe uptake by the brain, liver, and kidneys of the rats fed the control and Fe-deficient diets, but not in the Fe-loaded rats. It is concluded that Mn and Fe interact during transfer from the plasma to the brain and other organs and that this interaction is synergistic rather than competitive in nature. Hence, excessive intake of Fe plus Mn may accentuate the risk of tissue damage caused by one metal alone, particularly in the brain.